From ancient relics to the contemporary power sources powering electric cars and international power systems, the history of batteries is a lengthy and intriguing one.

The most important turning points are shown in the following timeline:

Forerunners and Initial Findings

• Baghdad Battery (c. 3rd century BC): Archaeologists found clay jars filled with iron rods and copper cylinders, which some believe may have served as early batteries for electroplating.

• 1748: Inspired by the military phrase for a unit of artillery, Benjamin Franklin coined the term "battery" to refer to a collection of charged glass plates (Leyden jars) joined together.

• 1780: Animal Electricity: The foundation for comprehending the connection between chemical processes and electricity was laid by Italian biologist Luigi Galvani, who noticed that a dead frog's leg moved when touched by two different metals.

The Original Real Batteries

• 1800: Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist, created the Voltaic Pile, the first real battery. It was made up of alternating copper and zinc discs separated by brine-soaked paper or linen. Through a chemical reaction, this produced the first dependable, continuous electrical current source.

• 1836 saw the invention of the Daniell cell by John Frederic Daniell, which solved the Voltaic Pile's rapid voltage drop (polarization) issue. The Daniell cell produced a more consistent, long-lasting current (about 1.1V) by utilizing two distinct electrolytes divided by a barrier. Telephones and telegraphs were frequently powered by it.

The Age of Rechargeable Batteries

• 1859: The Lead-Acid Battery: The first rechargeable battery was created by French physicist Gaston Planté. A reverse current could be used to recharge this lead-acid battery using lead electrodes and a sulfuric acid electrolyte. It continues to serve as the foundation for modern 12V automobile batteries.

Consumer Power and Dry Cells

• 1868: Leclanché Cell: The forerunner of the contemporary dry cell was created by French engineer Georges Leclanché. This cell was more portable, but it was still prone to leakage because it used a carbon electrode and a zinc rod submerged in an electrolyte mixture.

• 1888: Dry Cell: German inventor Carl Gassner refined the design by replacing the liquid electrolyte with a paste, resulting in the first commercially effective non-spilling dry cell (zinc-carbon battery).

• 1899: Waldemar Jungner created the nickel-cadmium (NiCd) rechargeable battery, which has a better energy density than lead-acid batteries.

Contemporary Batteries

• 1901: Nickel-Iron (Edison Cell): For use in electric cars, Thomas Edison created an alkaline storage battery.

• 1955: Alkaline Battery: Lewis Urry, an Eveready employee, created the contemporary alkaline battery, which employed potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. Compared to the earlier zinc-carbon cells, this chemistry allowed for a far longer life and a better energy density, swiftly establishing it as the industry standard for consumer electronics.

• 1991: Lithium-ion (Li-ion): Sony introduced the first commercial Li-ion battery, building on decades of research. Li-ion technology was lighter, had a far higher energy density, and was not affected by the "memory effect" of NiCd batteries. The current revolutions in portable electronics and electric vehicles were sparked by this idea.

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